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Welfare Reform A Matter of Public Debate - 2503 Words

Welfare reform has been a matter of public debate for decades. Welfare is a result of America’s values to support one’s fellow man, but with the stark decline of the economy every state is feeling pressure and looking for new ways to save money. This pressure is manifesting as changes to welfare that are theorized to improve the quality of life for poor families, create a stronger workforce, and save taxpayers money. Theory, however, is one thing, and practice is definitely another. This paper will look at the recent history of welfare reform, how those changes have affected welfare recipients, and how the new efforts to standardize drug-testing is being addressed by states and beneficiaries. In each perspective, America’s values are the driving force, and understanding those can make seemingly paradoxical elements clear. Welfare policy in the U.S. has always been connected with work ethic. Nineteenth century laws for the poor established a moral distinction betw een the â€Å"deserving† and â€Å"undeserving† poor. Those who fell under the deserving category were often out of work through no fault of their own, and they qualified for support from their fellow man. But the idle, immoral poor were snubbed, their children taken and put in homes or with capable families (Hayes 12). Welfare can be used as a glue to help keep families together as they better their situation, and indeed it had been used for that until the 1996 reform that created time limits and sent the message, betterShow MoreRelatedFederalism in Welfare Programs Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesFederalism In Welfare Programs POL 201 August 15, 2013 Federalism and Welfare Programs This essay is to inform you of federal policy issues involving welfare causing conflicting debates between national, state, and local government and how these conflicting issues relate to federalism. Federalism is â€Å"A government system where power and authority are shared by national and states governments, with the ultimate authority derived from the people. (Levin-Waldman, 2012). This paper will also describeRead MorePublic Policy Issues in Texas831 Words   |  3 PagesPublic Policy Issues in Texas Introduction: As the largest state by area in the continental U.S. as the second most populous, Texas has its significant share of public policy challenges with which to contend. And as the discussion hereafter will show, many of these challenges serve as a microcosm of the broader pubic policy issues facing the United States. The issues addressed here below help to provide a better understanding of the complexities of public policy maintenance in a large and diverseRead MorePolitical Debates Of The United States1272 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical debates in the United States, has turned into a constant public dispute, on who is more convincing for the public eye. A political debate refers to a discussion engaging deliberate arguments, that involves opposing viewpoints. One of the issues that has been in a constant debate for years, is the â€Å"Tax Reform†. A recent Republican political debate that took place on November 28th, gave us insight on the thoughts of some of our candidates, r egarding the imposition of taxes. In the UnitedRead MoreEssay about Federal Welfare Reform1651 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Welfare Reform: A Critical Perspective Abstract: This project will examine â€Å"welfare reform,† which was signified by the signing of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWOA) in 1996. PRWOA replaced the original welfare act of 1935, titled Aid to Dependent Children (later changed to Aid to Families with Dependent Children), with the program Temporary Assistance to needy Families (TANF). Under PRWOA, TANF was instated as a system of block grants allocated to statesRead MoreThe Failed Government Policy : The Causes Of The Affordable Care Act?1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe specific failed government policy that this project will take a look at will be the healthcare reform effort of 1993-1994. This policy initiative tried to ensure universal health care to all Americans due to the perceived notion of rising costs and insurance abuse (Brinkley 2004, p. 508). One piece of the bill was that employers would have to give coverage to individuals that worked for their company which would later be enacted in the Affordable Care Act. This bill became toxic to AmericansRead MoreThe House of Lords Is Now More Effective Than the House of Commons in Checking Government Power. Discuss1312 Words   |  6 Pagesshows how ineffective the scrutiny function can be when combined with the whip system as fear plays a factor in containing party order. Furthermore, an effective way of performing checks on the government via the House of Commons is through debates. These allow for detailed questioning of government legislation and policies. They can lead to moments when Ministers make mistakes with their answer and/or judgements, a famous example being when Tony Blair said that Saddem Hussain was using weaponsRead MoreKey Elements Of The Policymaking Process816 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess is actually fairly complex and multifaceted. It essentially has the power to draft and deliberate leglislation on matters of all kinds. But it also serves to represent constituents among an electorate and (in theory) ensure their interests are fairly represented in legislation. It likewise determines policies on matters of taxes, debts, provisions for the general welfare, regulation of commerce, and more, in numerous areas of American society, including healthcare (of course). Regarding healthcareRead MoreThe Welfare Reform The Right Approach1330 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper is a group assignment that looks at the different viewpoints for this topic which is Was the welfare reform the right approach to poverty and my view is yes it was because something needed to be done. In addition, policy analyst â€Å"Charles Murray wrote a book called Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980, which discussed abolishing AFDC because of the issues associated with it. However, 14 years later Clinton changed the program to the Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act that wasRead MoreNo One Factor Was Directly Responsible For The French Revolution1116 Words   |  5 Pagesdecided that something had to be done, and so he appointed a new controller general of finance, Charles de Calonne in 1783. Calonne suggested many ways to get France out of the spiral, but most balanced on the nobility paying taxes as well as the French public. He pleaded with them at the National Assembly, but to no avail. Thus, financial ruin became imminent. The Jacobins, led by Robespierre - who wanted the king out of the picture entirely – where the radicals of the Assembly. Whereas the GirondinsRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Be Legal1514 Words   |  7 Pagesbe able to refuse immigrants. There are a lot of illegal’s that are taking jobs that actual Americans need in the current economic conditions, plus they cause our taxes to go up because we have to pay for their health insurance and they might need welfare so they get all the money taken from our pay so they don’t have to work. They should have to speak English too, if I went to their country, no one would be taking care of me and making sure that I can find the bathroom, or feeding my kids with their

Syphilis Screening and Treatment Integration †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Syphilis Screening and Treatment Integration. Answer: Introduction: Syphilis is a venereal disease caused by Treponema pallidum. It is an infectious disease that is transmitted through sexual contact with infectious lesions (Chow et al, 2017). It can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus in the uterus, through blood transfusion and through contact of a broken skin with an infectious lesion. The first sign of the infection is appearance of a small, painless sore on the sexual organs, the rectum or in the mouth. This sore is commonly known as a chancre (Uslu et al, 2017). Syphilis is classified in 4 stages if not treated. The first two stages are considered to be the most infectious stages. They include the primary stage, the secondary stage, the latent stage and the tertiary stage. T. pallidum penetrates the mucous membrane in acquired syphilis and enters the lymphatics and becomes a systemic infection. The average incubation period from the time of exposure to development of lesions is 3 weeks. The primary stage involves the development of painless chancre after incubation at the site of transmission commonly on the external genitalia (Tuddenham Ghanem, 2015). This stage occurs between the third and the fourth week of infection by the bacteria. The secondary stage occurs 4-10 weeks after the primary stage. The spirochetes spread throughout the body with variable manifestations of the lesions. When systemic, the manifestations include fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, rash, weight loss, hair loss, and aching joints (Taylor et al, 2017). Histologically, the reaction from the inflammation is similar to the primary chancre but less intense. These symptoms usually go away with or without treatment though the treatment will still be present without treatment. Another stage is the latent syphilis where the secondary features have resolved. The infectious skin lesions recur from the secondary stage (Handsfield, 2015). If untreated, the latent syphilis develops to tertiary syphilis after many years of infection. The final stage is tertiary syphilis which when it occurs, it affects the cardiovascular and the central nervous systems damaging the tissues. This stage can be life threatening and can cause outcomes such as blindness, mental illness, memory loss, destruction of soft tissue and bone, deafness, neurological disorders such as meningitis, heart disease and neuro-syphilis (Kenyon et al, 2017). Congenital syphilis occurs when the treponemes cross the placenta and infect the fetus which causes spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. Assessment and Management of Syphilis Syphilis, in most cases, poses a challenge in its diagnosis as one may be infected and show no symptoms for quite some time, even years. Blood and urine samples are collected to run tests and also a thorough physical examination is conducted (Navale et al, 2014). Syphilis diagnosis is mostly done by dark-field microscopy when an active chancre is present. The lesion is cleansed and abraded with a gauze pad. On appearance of serous exudates, it is placed on a glass slide and examined under a microscope with a dark-field condenser. The spirochete is characterized by a corkscrew appearance. For a lesion for T.pallidum to be considered negative, negative examinations are necessary on three different days (Klausner, 2017). The screening of syphilis widely uses qualitative nontreponemal tests. Their usefulness is however limited by decreased sensitivity of primary stages of syphilis and the latent stage. Nontreponemal tests become nonreactive after proper treatment of syphilis. Treponemal- specific tests are also used to detect antibodies produced on the onset of T. pallidum antigens. This test is used on patients whose nontreponemal test is reactive. The center for disease and prevention (CDC) recommends penicillin G that is parenterally administered for all stages of syphilis. A single intramuscular injection of Benzathine penicillin G of 2.4 million is ministered to cure syphilis (Klausner, 2017). Treatment by penicillin kills the bacteria but does not repair the damage done on the skin. Doxycycline is considered is one the best alternatives in treating early and latent syphilis (Lithgow et al, 2017). Patients under treatment should abstain from sexual contacts until the sores are fully healed. In any stage of treatment of syphilis, acquiring other STIs should be taken into account. In the initial evaluation, HIV testing is necessary for all syphilitic patients (Mller, 2011). Screening for other diseases like hepatitis B and C, chlamydial infection and gonorrhea should also be considered. After administration of proper treatment, follow up with quantitative nontreponemal test titers in order to establish treatment response. Whe n syphilis remains untreated it can cause damage to important organs in the body like the heart and the brain thus the need for early treatment. Ethical and legal issues with regard to STIs have been raised by therapists. The first issue raised is patient safety which requires that a patient must be thoroughly examined before prescribing medication to ensure that the right infection is being treated and to avoid any allergic reactions (Lago, 2016). Examination also allows the patient to inquire more about the infection, treatment and also present relevant medical history. Secondly, informed consent is mandatory. The patient has the right to get information on the symptoms, complications, disbursement of treatment and the risks that come with the treatment so that he/she is able to make informed decisions concerning the management of the disease (Klausner, 2017). Another important aspect is the need for confidentiality. In this regard, information on a patients condition should be kept private and confidential and only revealed with the consent of the patient and can only be breached when the infection is of public health concern (Lithgow et al, 2017). Therefore, confidentiality of a patients health de tails is protected by the law because disclosure can cause harm to the patient. Lastly is equity which requires that health care resources be distributed according to peoples difference in need, worth and ability to pay. Laws have been made to ensure there is no discrimination based on ones health status. For example, discriminating one in employment based on his/her health status. Role of Sexual Health Teams To effectively manage syphilis interventions, a multidisciplinary care team is recommended. The sexual health team would include nurses, pharmacists and doctors with behavioral skills. They play the various roles in the management of Syphilis (Lago, 2016). The first role of the team includes patient based care. This involves planning and delivering care to the patient. It starts with protocols that define the assessment and treatment that are of quality care. The required steps for the delivery of the interventions are delegated to the team members according to their specified duties (Klausner, 2017). The treatment plan should come second. The treatment team knows and should provide the most preferred treatment required by the patient with regard to the disease and the medical history of the patient. Thirdly there is need for clinical management. This would be best done by nurses who would monitor the progress of the patient as he takes on the treatment. They should be able to monitor any effect of the treatment on the patient. Another role performed is to provide self management support. Educational interventions often support patients to change risky behaviors or help them became better self-managers (Handsfield, H. (2015). This helps reduce the risk of re-infection and possible transmission to others. It is therefore advantageous to have a nurse trained on behavioral counseling since most doctors neither have the skills nor the time to do counseling on behavior change. Lastly, there is need for sustained follow up. Close follow up is necessary in the management of syphilis so as to monitor problems in compliance, inability to respond to treatment, detect adverse effects of the treatment (Mller, 2011). Telephone follow up is commonly done by nurses. Therefore, to manage syphili s, various groups have to work together as a team to merge the different skills such as counseling, pharmacology, diagnostic skills and patient care. Education needs to prevent further STIs The education needs for individuals at risk of contracting or those already with the condition are based on the basis that the STI is a very contagious disease which spreads majorly through sexual activities. Thus one of the needs includes information on the pathophysiology and how the disease is transmitted from an infected person to another. From research, it is spread from sores and lesions on the skin of infected person to another when they come in contact during unprotected sexual intercourse (Callander et al, 2013). Secondly, there is need for education on the symptoms and signs of the condition for people to seek early medical attention. There is need to however emphasize that a lot of infected persons are always not aware of being infected and therefore, they easily unknowingly pass the infection to their sexual partners. Thirdly, educational approaches should focus on prevention measures against syphilis. Among them is that the STI can be prevented majorly through self care. This helps in lowering the chances of getting infected or re-infected with not just syphilis but other sexually transmitted infections. Practicing safe sex is one of the ways of preventing syphilis (Ahmed-Jushuf, 2010). Limiting oneself to one sexual partner and ensuring that your partner does not get involved in risky sexual behaviors. Another preventive measure is the use of condoms during sexual intercourse (Handsfield, 2015). Condoms reduce the risk of contracting STIs but only if it covers the lesions and sores. Educational and coaching approach should also focus on emphasizing the need to avoid drug abuse. Abuse of alcohol and other hard drugs may cloud ones judgment which may lead one to unsafe sexual practices (Taylor et al, 2017). Abstinence from sex as a preventive measure should be emphasized as an educational need, since it is considered to be the surest ways of avoiding any STIs. Syphilis has no vaccine and is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person. It is also important to regularly get tested for STIs as a way of keeping oneself healthy. A further important educational need includes the diagnosis, management and treatment of syphilis. Individuals should be taught on these particular issues to ensure that they seek medical attention early enough before the progression of the disease gets worse. According to Ahmed-Jushuf (2010), health promotion to individuals at the risk of contracting such STIs as syphilis should focus on addressing poor health-seeking behavior so as to enlighten the community on the need for attention to healthcare. References Ahmed-Jushuf, I. (2010). Standards for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections.Sexually Transmitted Infections,86(3), 160-160. Callander, D., Baker, D., Chen, M., Guy, R. (2013). Including Syphilis Testing as Part of Standard HIV Management Checks and Improved Syphilis Screening in Primary Care.Sexually Transmitted Diseases,40(4), 338-340. Chow, E., Callander, D., Fairley, C., Zhang, L., Donovan, B., Guy, R. et al. (2017). Increased Syphilis Testing of Men Who Have Sex With Men: Greater Detection of Asymptomatic Early Syphilis and Relative Reduction in Secondary Syphilis.Clinical Infectious Diseases. Handsfield, H. (2015). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Infections, and Disorders.Sexually Transmitted Diseases,42(4), 169. Kenyon, C., Osbak, K., Van Esbroek, M., Lynen, L., Crucitti, T. (2017). What Is the Role of Paired Rapid Plasma Reagin Testing (Simultaneous Testing of Acute and Convalescent Samples) in the Diagnosis of Repeat Syphilis and the Follow-up of Syphilis?.Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1. Klausner, J. (2017). The Evidence That Increased Syphilis Testing Controls Syphilis Is Compelling: What Is Needed to Act?.Clinical Infectious Diseases,65(3), 396-397. Lago, E. (2016). Current Perspectives on Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Syphilis.Cureus. Lithgow, K., Hof, R., Wetherell, C., Phillips, D., Houston, S., Cameron, C. (2017). A defined syphilis vaccine candidate inhibits dissemination of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.Nature Communications,8, 14273. Mller, H., Eisendle, K., Bruninger, W., Kutzner, H., Cerroni, L., Zelger, B. (2011). Comparative analysis of immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction and focus-floating microscopy for the detection of Treponema pallidum in mucocutaneous lesions of primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis.British Journal Of Dermatology,165(1), 50-60. Navale, S., Meyerson, B., Ohmit, A., Gillespie, A. (2014). Understanding Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening and Management in Indiana Community Health Centers.Sexually Transmitted Diseases,41(11), 684-689. One-visit ICS testing dominates in prenatal syphilis screening. (2008).Inpharma Weekly,NA;(1661), 3. Repeat Syphilis Cases Point to Need for Comprehensive Prevention. (2013).JAMA,310(14), 1438. Research theory suggests HIV treatment may be increasing syphilis rates. (2017).The Pharmaceutical Journal. S, D. (2016). Withering Syphilis Management.Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Research,04(12), 14509-14510. Taylor, M., Kamb, M., Wu, D., Hawkes, S. (2017). Syphilis screening and treatment: integration with HIV services.Bulletin Of The World Health Organization,95(9), 610-610A. Tuddenham, S., Ghanem, K. (2015). Penicillin is the drug of choice to treat all stages of syphilis despite a paucity of clinical trials data for the treatment of some stages, pregnant women and HIV-infected people.Evidence Based Medicine,20(2), 63-63. Uslu, U., Heppt, F., Sticherling, M. (2017). Secondary syphilis infection under treatment with ustekinumab.Clinical And Experimental Dermatology.

Standing Female Nude Essay Example

Standing Female Nude Paper Essay comparing a similar theme in three different poems from the section Standing Female Nude The theme Ive chosen to consider is how Carol Ann Duffy adopts different personas and displays the character effectively through the use of language, style and content. The three poems Ive chosen are Standing Female Nude Comprehensive and The Dolphins. Ive chosen these poems because they all have entirely different characters which are all shown effectively by Carol Ann Duffy. To begin with the poem Standing Female Nude is from the perspective of a French prostitute being drawn by an artist. The prostitute clearly has no interest in the art, only with earning money He is concerned with volume, space, I with the next meal. The prostitute very bluntly, not interested in the artist or where the picture is going to be displayed, not seeing what is so spectacular about the picture of the river-whore They call it Art. Carol Ann Duffy adopts the persona of this prostitute very well, beginning with her use of style. The poem is divided by four seven line stanzas. There is no rhyming pattern; this allows Carol Ann Duffy to elaborate and focus on the language. We will write a custom essay sample on Standing Female Nude specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Standing Female Nude specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Standing Female Nude specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The lack of rhyme could also reflect the prostitutes down to earth, blunt character, ignoring the fancy rhymes and riddles and getting straight to the point. There is enjamberment in the poem, perhaps reflecting the prostitutes careless personality. There are also several caesuras throughout the poem, perhaps showing these are the prostitutes thoughts the way what she is thinking back and forth so abruptly. This gives use better insight to the prostitutes character, making Carol Ann Duffys persona even more direct and realistic. The language used in the poem is also a very good reflection of the prostitutes characteristics. Belly nipple arse in the window light they call it Art magnificent, she murmurs, moving on. It makes me laugh The prostitutes mocks the upper class that see so much in a picture of a prostitute, which in reality she is simply standing naked in front of an artist to get some money for her next meal. The content of the poem is made very coarse and realistic by Carol Ann Duffys effective use of the persona. I found her choice of perspective of character very effective and unique, as not many people about what is exactly behind the walls of portrayal art. By considering the actual life of the art viewed and praised by even the Queen of England, Carol Ann Duffy has chosen the ideal persona to adopt to create the ultimate effect on the reader. The second poem Ive chosen to convey the theme of persona is Comprehensive. I found this poem ideal for supporting my chosen theme because throughout Comprehensive several completely characters are present; all personas are displayed effectively through the use of style, language and content. Comprehensive is a poem including seven different teenage characters, three British teens and four foreign who immigrated to Britain. All of whom are talking about life, culture, their histories or hobbies. With Carol Ann Duffy giving the British teenagers a stereotypical, dull and colourless impression, the foreigners seem to have more depth to their character, more ambition and respect of culture. Some of my family are named Moghul emperors I have hope and ambition Its boring probably work in Safeways worst luck Michelle. Its just boring The title potentially has a double meaning, Comprehensive implying a school or a comprehensive view on culture. Carol Ann Duffys use of style is particularly effective in this poem while adopting the several different personas. the style of the poem is divided by seven stanzas, all separated; contrasting with the title Comprehensive. Every stanza represents a diffferent character, all with different lengths and language, displaying the contrast between every character even more so between the foreign and British, one British teen placed deliberately between every foreign teens stanza. Carol Ann Duffys use of language in the poem also shows her versatility while adopting different personas. Using the first two teenagers used in the poem as examples, the contrast between both characters is clear. An unnamed African teen uses long and extensive sentences, with a lack of time and use of tenses. When my sister she could only speak English. We talk a lot about the things we used to do in Africa and then we are happy. What he/she is saying is quite vague and unclear, displaying his/her lack of experience in the English language. The second character named Wayne uses short, blunt sentences, showing his lack of intelligence. I dont suppose Ill get a job. Its all them coming over here to work. Arsenal. Paki-bashing and pulling girls knickers down. Although Wayne is originally British, his lack of vocabulary and use of short sentences imply he isnt fluent in English. Here Carol Ann Duffy sets an ironic and humorous twist through the use of language and structure by making the British teen just as inexperienced in speaking English as the African teen. But, of course, Wayne speaks this way due to sheer stupidity and laziness, whereas the African teenager speaks this way because it isnt his/her first language. The British teens talk of offensive hobbies, bleak future careers Safeways etc, with no mention of culture, positive past experiences or family memories. I believe Carol Ann Duffy is making an agreeable point in this poem as thwe pattern continues between cultures; that although immigrants are heavily criticized and labeled, their beliefs, passion for culture and ambition on a whole is far stronger than ours in comparison. Tying these points with my chosen theme, Carol Ann Duffys effective adoption of personas is the prime reason for her subtly pronounced points and opinion to come across in the poem. The final poem Ive chosen to discuss to tie in with the theme is The Dolphins.